Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological approach.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal identity.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the primary concerns in internet security today. Machine learning can be exploited to detect such attacks. In this paper, a multi-layer perceptron model is proposed and implemented using deep machine learning to distinguish between malicious and normal traffic based on their behavioral patterns. The proposed model is trained and tested using the CICDDoS2019 dataset. To remove irrelevant and redundant data from the dataset and increase learning accuracy, feature selection is used to select and extract the most effective features that allow us to detect these attacks. Moreover, we use the grid search algorithm to acquire optimum values of the model’s hyperparameters among the parameters’ space. In addition, the sensitivity of accuracy of the model to variations of an input parameter is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented model is validated in comparison with some state-of-the-art works.

در عصر ارتباط فرهنگ های متکثر با یک دیگر یکی از مسئولیت های فیلسوفان اخلاق جلوگیری از نزاع های اخلاقی است تا فرهنگ های مختلف، با به رسمیت شناختن یک دیگر و با تکیه بر اشتراکات بشری، روابطی اخلاقی و عدالت محورانه را در سراسر جهان نظریه پردازی کنند. در مراودات فرهنگیِ فراگیر ازطریق فضای مجازی، تبعیض های نژادی، قومی، و جنسیتی امنیت جهانی را به خطر خواهد انداخت؛ ازاین رو باید به نگرش های وحدت بخش اخلاقی اعم از دینی و غیر دینی اندیشید که مداراگر، بردبار، و اهل تعامل با دیگران هستند. در این مقاله، کتاب فلسفة اخلاق: رویکردی تکثرگرا به نظریة اخلاقی، اثر لارنس ام هینمان، در سه بخش جداگانه، تبیین، تحلیل، و نقادی شده است. دیدگاه علمی و غیرجانب دارانة نویسنده، روش منطقی وی در پاسخ به مسائل موردبحث، و نظام سؤالاتی که در پایان هر فصل اطلاعات خوانندگان را ارزیابی می کند از مزایایی است که نگارندة مقاله به دلیل وجود آن ها این کتاب را منبعی مناسب برای واحدهای دانشگاهیِ فلسفة اخلاق معرفی می کند و ترجمة این اثر را به فارسی پیش نهاد می کند.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

در محیط پیچیده کسب و کار امروزی، روش های سنتی برنامه ریزی مبتنی بر بودجه یا پیش بینی نمی تواند جوابگوی چالش های موجود باشد. سازمان می بایست با استفاده از برنامه ریزی استراتژیک، موقعیت داخلی و خارجی خود را ارزیابی کند و سپس، استراتژی ها را متناسب با موقعیت خود تدوین و به مورد اجرا گذارد. کلید اجرای موفق استراتژی این است که افراد، فرآیند آن را درک نمایند. نقشه استراتژی از آن جا که توصیف کننده استراتژی سازمان است و به افراد در درک آن کمک می کند، نقش بااهمیتی را در مدیریت استراتژیک به عهده دارد. نقشه استراتژی نمایش تصویری از روابط علت و معلولی برای موفقیت در استراتژی است، بنابراین، تعیین این روابط نیز با اهمیت است. این مقاله رویکرد نوآورانه ای را جهت تعیین روابط علت و معلولی و سطح اهداف استراتژیک در نقشه استراتژی ارائه می کند. همچنین، نتایج اجرایی این رویکرد در یک شرکت تولیدکننده لوله و اتصالات در شهرستان یزد تشریح می گردد که بینش های مدیریتی را ارائه می دهد.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

1مقدمه: دانشجویان از مجموعه فعالیت های ذهنی در هنگام مطالعه استفاده می­کنند تا رویکردهای متفاوت مطالعه را با توجه به عملکرد، ماهیت برنامه درسی و تسلط خود در دوران تحصیل بکار بگیرند. این مطالعه درصدد مقایسه رویکردهای مطالعه و عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان مقطع پزشکی عمومی در سال­های اول تا چهارم به تفکیک جنسیت بوده است. روش­ها: روش این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی-مقطعی است. نمونه این مطالعه 287 دانشجوی رشته پزشکی عمومی در مقاطع علوم پایه و فیزیوپاتولوژی دانشگاه­ علوم پزشکی تهران در سال تحصیلی 1397-1398 هستند که از طریق روش نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای انتخاب شدند. از ابزار رویکردهای مطالعه و یادگیری تت و همکاران استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل با آزمون آماری تحلیل واریانس انجام شده است. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که نمره رویکردهای سطحی و عمیق مطالعه دانشجویان سال­ اول به صورت معنی­داری کمتر از دانشجویان سال سوم و چهارم است. استفاده دانشجویان از رویکردهای راهبردی درسال­ اول بیشتر از دانشجویان سال­های دیگر است. عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان سال دوم بیشتر از سال­های دیگر دانشگاه است. نتیجه ­گیری: مطالعه حاضر نتایج تازه­ای مبنی بر تحولی بودن استفاده از رویکردهای مطالعه طی چهارسال مقطع پزشکی عمومی نشان داده است. استفاده دانشجویان از رویکردهای سطحی، عمیق و راهبردی به صورت تحولی رشد کرده و در سال­های بالاتر، استفاده از رویکرد سطحی کمتر شده و از رویکردهای عمیق و راهبردی بیشتر استفاده می­شود. عملکرد تحصیلی بالای دانشجویان در سال دوم به دلیل تسلط بر برنامه درسی است و بعد از سال دوم به دلیل ساختار متفاوت برنامه درسی، افت تحصیلی مشاهده می­شود.